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Available courses

Electromagnetic Theory & Modern Optics

I  Electrostatics: 
Electric charge & charge densities, electric force between two charges. 
General expression for Electric field in terms of volume charge density 
(divergence & curl of Electric field), general expression for Electric 
potential in terms of volume charge density and Gauss law (applications 
included). Study of electric dipole. Electric fields in matter, polarization, 
auxiliary field D (Electric displacement), electric susceptibility and 
permittivity. 
 
 
8 
II Magnetostatics:  
 17 
Electric current & current densities, magnetic force between two current 
elements. General expression for Magnetic field in terms of volume 
current density (divergence and curl of Magnetic field), General 
expression for Magnetic potential in terms of volume current density and 
Ampere’s circuital law (applications included). Study of magnetic dipole 
(Gilbert & Ampere model). Magnetic fields in matter, magnetization, 
auxiliary field H, magnetic susceptibility and permeability. 
8 
 
III Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields: 
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction and Lenz's law. 
Displacement current, equation of continuity and Maxwell-Ampere’s 
circuital law. Self and mutual induction (applications included). 
Derivation and physical significance of Maxwell’s equations. Theory 
and working of moving coil ballistic galvanometer (applications 
included). 
 
 
7 
IV Electromagnetic Waves: 
Electromagnetic energy density and Poynting vector. Plane 
electromagnetic waves in linear infinite dielectrics, homogeneous & 
inhomogeneous plane waves and dispersive & non-dispersive media. 
Reflection and refraction of homogeneous plane electromagnetic waves, 
law of reflection, Snell’s law, Fresnel’s formulae (only for normal 
incidence & optical frequencies) and Stoke’s law. 
 
7 
 
PART B: Physical Optics & Lasers 
V Interference: 
Conditions for interference and spatial & temporal coherence. Division 
of Wavefront - Fresnel’s Biprism and Lloyd’s Mirror. Division of 
Amplitude - Parallel thin film, wedge shaped film and Newton’s Ring 
experiment. Interferometer - Michelson and Fabry-Perot. 
 
 
8 
VI Diffraction: 
Distinction between interference and diffraction. Fresnel’s and 
Fraunhofer’s class of diffraction. Fresnel’s Half Period Zones and Zone 
plate. Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit, n slits and Diffracting 
Grating. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments - Rayleigh’s criterion 
and resolving power of telescope, microscope & grating.  
 
8 
 
VII Polarization: 
Polarization by dichroic crystals, birefringence, Nicol prism, retardation 
plates and Babinet’s compensator. Analysis of polarized light. Optical 
Rotation - Fresnel’s explanation of optical rotation and Half Shade & 
Biquartz polarimeters.  
 
7 
VIII Lasers: 
Characteristics and uses of Lasers. Quantitative analysis of Spatial and 
Temporal coherence. Conditions for Laser action and Einstein’s 
coefficients. Three and four level laser systems (qualitative discussion).